此篇讲义约4800字，大概需要阅读7分钟时间！
在上篇的讲义中，我们介绍了上海高考英语的“难”及备战的宏观建议，下面我们将针对高考英语的真题的命题和解题作系列讲座，仅供主动愿意跳出学习“舒适区”而勇敢挑战“恐慌区”的同学。
一、简介
在2020年上海高考英语备战中，你不要处在学习“舒适区”而低效重复的涮的“1模”和“2模”以获得所谓“量”的成就感，而不去面对新高考英语外刊阅读的“质”硬核，勇于挑战高考英语的“学习区”和“恐慌区”，实现自己理想大学的目标。如下图所示。

二、语法填空的命题和解析
刷真题的方式直接决定你学习的效果和信心，为了帮助同学们提供更加详解的真题刷题方式，我们将以2019年6月上海高考英语中的语法填空为例。从语篇材料的来源、语篇难度、考点设置等角度进行阐释。
1.语篇来源
此篇语法填空选自一本英文书，原文节选如下，网址为(https://books.google.com/books?id=J5XfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22&lpg=PT22&dq=In+what+is+one+of+the+most+breath-taking+sights+of+nature,+millions+of+Oliver+Ridley+baby+turtles+broke+out+of+their+eggshells+under+the+sand+at+one+of+their+mass+nesting+ground+in+coastal&source=bl&ots=L5GMdnxk5v&sig=ACfU3U0HNa4JK2NtEQDWqTVdZWutZvBdPA&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=In%20what%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20breath-taking%20sights%20of%20nature%2C%20millions%20of%20Oliver%20Ridley%20baby%20turtles%20broke%20out%20of%20their%20eggshells%20under%20the%20sand%20at%20one%20of%20their%20mass%20nesting%20ground%20in%20coastal&f=false)

原语篇还原后成为考题为

Millims of Baby Olive Ridley Turtles(角色) Emerge in Orissa
Nature is full of wonders. In (21) ______ one of the most breathtaking sights in nature, millions of baby Ridley turtles their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa. The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal (22) ______  ____ _____ they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam, about 175 km from Bhubaneshwar.
Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles, a species (23) ______ (threaten) with extinction, and one of the sites, Gahirmatha (24) ______around 70 to 80 million turtles laying eggs on the beach every year, is considered one of the world’s largest nesting sites.
The female turtles drag (25) ______ up the beach from the sea, dig a nest, lat at least one hundred eggs, cover and conceal their eggs and nest, and then return to the sea. The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that (26) ______ (deposit) in the warm sand.
The baby turtles emerge from the eggs after 45-60 days, then the babies grow without their mother, which is a rare phenomenon in nature. Interestingly, it is on the same beach where they were born (27) ______ the females lay their eggs.
In the recent years, sea erosion has led to many turtles' nest (28) ______ (damage) or destroyed.
Also, some fierce animals such as dogs and birds (29) ______ (reduce) the number of nesting turtles. And has also had a negative impact (40) ______ using engine-powered fishing boats near the turtles’ nesting grounds.
2.语篇难度
将原语篇输入阅读指数分析，如下图所示：语篇的阅读指数为58.34，此范围属于阅读指数的50-60 较难（Fairly difficult）的范围。粗略看起来文章不难。难点在于月320词，19个句子，平均每个句子月16个单词，每个单词月5个单词。但是你会发现本篇文章中有几个较为复杂的句子，而且句子中又较长的地名。

3.考点分析
此篇文章共设置10个空格。考点主要为动词和从句。具体如下表：
考点
                            分部
动词（含非谓语）
时态
29.have reduced。【解析】考查现在完成时
语态
26.were deposited，考查一般过去时被动语态
动词不定式
V-ing（动名词和现在分词）
28.being damaged，考查V-ing作宾语。
过去分词
23.threatened，考查过去分词
连词
定语从句
24.where，考查限制性定语从句
状语从句
22. as soon as （the moment/instant/minute when or so/as long as），考查状语从句
名词从句
21.what,考查宾语从句
特殊句型
27.that，考查考查强调句型
代词
25.themselves，考查复合不定代词
介词
30.by，考查介词
详细解析如下：
21. what。【解析】考查宾语从句。根据句意：“在大自然中最令人叹为观止的景象之一，数百万的里德利小海龟在奥里萨邦沿海的一个大型筑巢地从沙子下的蛋壳里钻了出来。” 由此句意和结构分析可知，此处从句缺主语且做介词in的宾语，故用what作兼语，其相当于something that。
22. as soon as （the moment/instant/minute when or so/as long as）。【解析】考查状语从句。根据句意：“小海龟们一从南部的根贾姆的巢穴中出来，就开始了他们前往孟加拉湾的旅程。根贾姆距离巴布内斯瓦尔大约175公里。” 由此句意和结构分析可知，此处缺少引导状语从句的引导词，可以用时间状语从句或者条件状语从句的引导词。故用as soon as或 the moment/instant/minute when或 so/as long as都可以。
23. threatened。【解析】考查过去分词。根据句意：“奥里萨岛是奥利弗海龟的三个大规模筑巢地，这是一个濒临灭绝的物种，其中之一，盖赫马塔每年约有七千万到八千万只海龟在海滩上产卵，被认为是世界上最大的筑巢地之一。” 由此句意和结构分析可知，此处动词与前后句都是句号隔开，因此这里是非谓语动词，用过去分词作后置定语修饰species。
24. where。【解析】考查限制性定语从句。根据句意：“奥里萨岛是奥利弗海龟的三个大规模筑巢地，这是一个濒临灭绝的物种，其中之一，盖赫马塔每年约有七千万到八千万只海龟在海滩上产卵，被认为是世界上最大的筑巢地之一。”由此句意和结构分析可知，此处缺少一个引导定语从句的关系词，又因为先行词为Gahirmatha，表示一个地点，故用关系副词where，相当于in which=in the place。
25. themselves。【解析】 考查复合不定代词。根据句意：“雌龟们把它们从海里拖到沙滩上，……” 此处的主语和宾语指代同一个事物，指代雌龟，由此处用反身代词作宾语，故用themselves。
26. were deposited。【解析】考查一般过去时被动语态。根据句意：“那些已被沉淀在温暖的沙子里的卵。” 由此句意和结构分析可知，此处用被动语态，又因为有again提示，可知发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
27. that。【解析】考查强调句型。根据句意：“有趣的是，雌性产卵在它们出生的同一个海滩上，。”而且It is+被强调部分+that+其他部分，此处考查强调句句型，故用that。
28. being damaged。【解析】考查V-ing作宾语。根据句意：“在最近几年，海洋侵蚀已经导致很多海龟的巢穴被破坏或毁灭”。being damaged 作lead to短语中介词to的宾语，且该动名词有自己的逻辑主语many turtles’ nests，因此用动名词的被动。
29. have reduced。【解析】考查现在完成时。根据句意：“还有，诸如一些凶残的狗和鸟已经减少了龟巢的数量。”根据前句的谓语动词has led和此句中的also可以判定此句也是用现在完成时，强调动作的形成的结果。
30. by。【解析】考查介词。根据句意：“而且海龟巢穴附近，有动力的捕鱼船也带来了负面影响”。可知此处只表达一种方式，故用介词by。
语篇拓展
基础知识
重点词汇
1. conceal v. 隐藏; 隐瞒; 掩盖
You should thank the ancient Egyptians for creating a way to conceal the unpleasant smell of our mouth. 你应该感谢古埃及人创造了一种方法来掩盖我们口腔的难闻气味。（2016浦东二模）
2. erosion n. 侵蚀，腐蚀; 逐渐丧失，削弱
That would be easy to explain on a Planet like Earth, where cratering from meteor strikes is erased by steady erosion. 这在地球这样的星球上很容易解释，在那里，流星撞击产生的陨石坑被稳定的侵蚀所抹去。（2019黄浦一模）
3. extinction n. 灭绝，绝种，消亡
Pandas are in danger of extinction at present, with only 1,900 remaining in the world. 大熊猫目前面临灭绝的危险，世界上仅存1900只。（2019普陀二模）
重点词组
lead to 导致
lead to+ n./v-ing, 表示 “导致”含义，与result in 意思相近，与result from 意思相反。
Diligence leads to success while laziness leads to failing.勤奋带来成功然而懒惰带来失败。
此外lead sb. to do sth. 表示引导/带领某人做某事, 而lead sb. into doing sth.表示的是同一个意思
Parents do their best to lead children on to study hard. 父母尽力引导孩子们努力学习。
长难句分析
1.Interestingly, it is on the same beach where they were born that the females lay their eggs.
此句为强调句型句，同时句子中包含where引导的定语从句和现在分词转化的副词作状语。
句意：有趣的是，正是在它们出生的同一个海滩上，雌性产卵。
2.And of course man has also had a negative impact by using engine-powered fishing boats near the turtles’ nesting grounds.
此句为简单句。注意这里的by表示使用的工具，容易和短语have an impact on sb. / sth.（对某物或某人产生影响）产生混淆。
句意：当然，人类在海龟筑巢地附近使用引擎驱动的渔船也产生了负面影响。
翻译
奥里萨邦出现了数以百万计的幼年橄榄龟
Nature is full of wonders. In what is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature, millions of baby Ridley turtles their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa. The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal as long as they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam, about 175 km from Bhubaneshwar.
大自然充满了奇迹。在奥里萨邦海岸的一个大型筑巢地，数百万只小海龟在沙滩下的蛋壳里，这是自然界最令人叹为观止的景观之一。小海龟们开始了他们的孟加拉湾之旅，只要他们从他们的巢在南部的甘贾姆区，约175公里，从布巴内斯瓦尔。
Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles, a species threatened with extinction, and one of the sites, Gahirmatha where around 70 to 80 million turtles laying eggs on the beach every year, is considered one of the world’s largest nesting sites.
奥里萨邦是奥利弗海龟（一种濒临灭绝的物种）三个大规模筑巢地点的所在地，其中一个地点盖尔马萨（Gahirmatha）每年约有7000万至8000万只海龟在海滩上产卵，被认为是世界上最大的筑巢地点之一。
The female turtles drag themselves up the beach from the sea, dig a nest, lay at least one hundred eggs, cover and conceal their eggs and nest, and then return to the sea. The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that were deposited in the warm sand.
雌海龟把自己从海里拖到海滩上，挖一个窝，产卵至少一百个，把卵和窝盖住并藏起来，然后返回大海。雌鸟再也不会到巢里去照顾那些沉积在温暖沙滩上的卵了。
The baby turtles emerge from the eggs as after 45-60 days, then the babies grow without their mother, which is a rare phenomenon in nature. Interestingly, it is on the same beach where they were born that the females lay their eggs.
海龟宝宝在45-60天后从卵中出来，然后在没有妈妈的情况下成长，这在自然界是一种罕见的现象。有趣的是，正是在它们出生的同一个海滩上，雌性产卵。
In the recent years, sea erosion has led to many turtles' nest being damaged or destroyed. Also, some fierce animals such as dogs and birds have reduced the number of nesting turtles. And has also had a negative impact by using engine-powered fishing boats near the turtles’ nesting grounds.
近年来，海水侵蚀导致许多海龟的巢穴遭到破坏或毁坏。此外，一些凶猛的动物，如狗和鸟，减少了海龟的筑巢数量。在海龟筑巢地附近使用引擎驱动的渔船也产生了负面影响。
4.配套巩固练习
（A）基础测评
请在横线上填写斜体字在句子或短语中的含义：
1. wonder
v.
1) I was just beginning to wonder where you were. __________
2) He liked to sit and wonder at all that had happened...  ___________
n.
1) She gazed down in wonder at the city spread below her.  __________
2) The Grand Canyon is one of the natural wonders of the world. __________
2. damage
v.
1) He maliciously damaged a car with a baseball bat… ____________
2) Jackson doesn't want to damage his reputation as a political personality… ________
n.
1) The blast caused extensive damage to the house. ________
2) He was vindicated in court and damages were awarded. _________
（B）能力测评
请翻译对应的中文或英文：
1. one of the most breathtaking sights in nature _______________
2. the home to three mass nesting sites _____________
3. 产生了负面影响 _______________
(C)培优测评
请将下面的句子翻译成中文或英文：
1. In what is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature, millions of baby Ridley turtles their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Interestingly, it is on the same beach where they were born that the females lay their eggs.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. 当然，人类在海龟筑巢地附近使用引擎驱动的渔船也产生了负面影响。
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
参考答案
(A) 基础测评
请在横线上填写斜体字在句子或短语中的含义：
1. wonder
v.
1) 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨
2) 感到诧异；非常惊讶
n.
1) 惊讶；惊奇；惊异；惊叹
2) 奇迹；奇观；奇事；奇妙之处
2. damage
v.
1) 损坏；破坏；毁坏
2）损害；伤害
n.
1)（对物的）损坏，破坏，损失
2)（法院判定的）损害赔偿金
（B）能力测评
请翻译对应的中文或英文：
1. 自然界最令人叹为观止的景观之一
2. 三个大规模筑巢地点的所在地
3. have a negative impact
(C) 培优测评
请将下面的句子翻译成中文或英文：
1. 在奥里萨邦海岸的一个大型筑巢地，数百万只小海龟在沙滩下的蛋壳里，这是自然界最令人叹为观止的景观之一。
2. 有趣的是，正是在它们出生的同一个海滩上，雌性产卵。
3. And of course man has also had a negative impact by using engine-powered fishing boats near the turtles’ nesting grounds.
通过这种的真题来源的语篇原文、语篇的阅读指数分析、语篇的考点分析和语篇的配套的三层测评检验来刷真题，将会是另外一种学习效果。这也就是为什么人们常说：“你刷十套模拟不如刷一套真题”！！！
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