在上篇的讲义中，我们介绍了上海高考英语的“难”及备战的宏观建议，下面我们将针对高考英语的真题的命题和解题作系列讲义，仅供有兴趣主动愿意跳出学习“舒适区”而勇敢挑战“恐慌区”的同学。
一、简介
在2020年上海高考英语备战中，你不要处在学习“舒适区”而低效重复的涮的“1模”和“2模”以获得所谓“量”的成就感，而不去面对新高考英语外刊阅读的“质”硬核，勇于挑战高考英语的“学习区”和“恐慌区”，实现自己理想大学的目标。如下图所示。

二、小猫钓鱼的命题和解析
刷真题的方式直接决定你学习的效果和信心，为了帮助同学们提供更加详解的真题刷题方式，我们将以2019年6月上海高考英语中的“小猫钓鱼”为例。从语篇材料的来源、语篇难度、考点设置等角度进行阐释。
1.语篇来源
本篇语料选择国外报纸上的关于近视眼的文章，语篇来源为
https://theconversation.com/we-can-prevent-an-epidemic-of-short-sighted-kids-with-more-time-outdoors-44595

原语篇还原后成为考题为

counting B. determinted C. distration
D. enviromental E. focus F. modified
G.naturally H. performing I.worsening 
J. comprehensively K. significant
Myopia, or short-sightedness, is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred, but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus.Its biological basis is an eye that, during childhood, has grown too long for its optical power. The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina, causing out-of-(31) ______perception.
Myopia was once regarded as almost totally genetically (32) ______. But its prevalence has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan and South Korea, where 80-90% of those completing high school are now short-sighted. This is up from 20-30% only two generations ago.Since gene pools do not change that fast, these massive changes must be due to (33) ______ change.In 2005, we(34) ______reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education. (This was not a particularly novel insight; such a link was postulated as far back as Kepler in 1604.) We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes
Fortunately, not all high-(35) ______locations, Australia among them, showed a high prevalence of myopia. This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia.We also hypothesised that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions. Indeed, North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia, although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia.
A common cutoff for high myopia is -5 diopters. This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes. Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can’t be corrected.The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia, which foreshadows major increases in visual(36) ______and blindness as these young adults age. So prevention of myopia has become crucial, particularly for East and Southeast Asia.
Australia has (37) ______low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasises outdoors activities. Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside, not (38) ______time outdoors at school. However, there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a (39) ______from study.Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia, the phenomenon in which mild to (40) ______ myopia becomes more severe during childhood. There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression, but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may.
2.语篇难度
将原语篇输入阅读指数分析，我们可以发现：语篇的阅读指数为55.1，此范围属于阅读指数的50-60较难（Fairly difficult）的范围。粗略看起来文章不难。难点在于约380词左右，50个左右的句子，平均每个句子约7个单词，每个单词约5个单词。但是你会发现本篇文章中有个专业名词反复在线。

3.考点分析
此篇文章共设置10个空格。考点主要为动词、名词、形容词和副词。具体如下表：
动词
counting
determined
modified
performing
worsening
名词
distraction
focus
形容词
environmental
副词
naturally
comprehensively
详细解析如下：
31. E。【解析】根据句子结构以及句意“引起不集中知觉”，此处应该填入名词focus n. 焦点，这样构成out-of-focus的形容词性短语修饰名词perception。故选E。
32. B。【解析】根据句子结构，此处用副词修饰动词的过去分词，句意：近视一度几乎被认为是完全遗传是确定的。故此处填入determined adj. 决定的，故选B。
33. D。【解析】根据句子结构分析，此处为形容词修饰名词，句意：这些巨大的变化一定是环境变化造成的。此处用形容词environmental adj. 环境的，故选D。
34. J。【解析】根据句子结构分析，此处用副词修饰动词reviewed，句意：我们对近视眼的研究进行了全面的回顾，发现近视与教育相关。此处用副词comprehensively adv. 全面的，故选J。
35. H。【解析】根据句子结构可知，此处用形容词修饰后面的名词locations，句意：并非所有表现优秀的地方，此处用形容词performing adj.表现的，故选H。
36. I。【解析】and前后连接两个意思相近的词根据and后blindness失明，可之前面空内填入worsening，visual worsening 视力恶化，故选I。
37. G。【解析】根据句子结构可知，此处用副词修饰形容词，句意：澳大利亚的近视率自然较低，而且他们的生活方式强调户外活动。此处用副词naturally adv. 自然地，故选G。
38. A。【解析】根据句子结构分析，句意：“据报道，孩子们每天花两到三个小时在户外，这还不算在学校的时间。”可知此处用counting数，故选A。
39. C。【解析】根据句子结构，此处填入名词，句意：然而，在那些把时间花在户外被视为分散注意力的研究领域，要达到这个基准，存在着巨大的障碍，故此处用名词distraction n.分散，故选C。
40. F。【解析】根据句意：“因此，政策反应还必须着眼于减缓近视的发展，在儿童时期，轻度到变性近视变得更加严重的现象，” 故此处填入modified v. 修正，故选F。
基础知识
重点词汇
1. blur v. (使)变得模糊不清 (使)看不清n. 模糊形状; 模糊的记忆    
If you watch the movie without the 3D glasses, it will look blurred.
如果你不戴3D眼镜看电影，它会显得模糊不清。（2017金山中学高三上期中）
2. prevalence n. 流行; 卓越
As regions become more suitable to insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, the prevalence of insect-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease could rise, causing a burden to human health and the economy.
随着地区变得更适合蚊子和蜱虫等昆虫，疟疾、登革热和莱姆病等虫媒疾病的流行率可能会上升，给人类健康和经济造成负担。（2016育才中学三模）
3. spectacularly adv. 其形容词为spectacular adj. 壮观的; 壮丽的 n. 壮观的场面; 精彩的表演
The Goa Cerme cave has a spectacular beauty and many unusual feature.
果阿塞尔姆洞穴有一个壮观的美丽和许多不寻常的特点。（2018-2019建平中学高三下周周练）
4. hypothesize v. 假设，假定
I have hypothesized a close connection between these factors.
我认为这些因素之间存在着紧密的关联
5. impairment n. 损害 其动词为 impair v. 损害;削弱
Some will remain severely impaired throughout their lives. 有些人一生都会受到严重的伤害。
6. foreshadow v. 预示; 是……的预兆
The answers in the first area foreshadow most of the rest.
第一个问题的答案恰巧预示了其余几个方面。
7. formidable adj. 可怕的; 令人敬畏的; 难对付的
In mid-July and again in mid-August, grizzlies make for Alaskan rivers to hook out the fish with their formidable claws.
7月中旬和8月中旬，灰熊用它们可怕的爪子在阿拉斯加的河流中钩出鱼。（2016闸北二模）
8. benchmark n. 基准 vt. 检测
The tension between a hope for a more relaxed lifestyle and the knowledge that the benchmark for success has been raised in recent years weighs heavily on the minds of the townspeople. 
对于一种更轻松的生活方式的希望和对近年来成功的基准已经提高的认识之间的紧张关系，沉重地压在了市民的心上。（2013闵行一模）
9. progression n. 发展; 进程; 系列
There is no cure and nothing can prevent its progression. 
没有治愈方法，也没有什么能阻止它的发展。（2019静安二模）
10. controversy n. 争论，辩论
The controversy is often referred to as nature.
这种争论常被称为自然。（2010格致中学高三上期中）
重点词组
have a tendency to do sth. 有做某事的倾向
Our society has had a tendency to turn to a single reason mothers. 
我们的社会有一种倾向，转向单一原因的母亲。(2018-2019黄浦高三七校联考)
长难句分析
1.The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia, which foreshadows major increases in visual worsening and blindness as these young adults age.
此句为复合句，包含which引导的非限制性定语从句。
句意：目前，东亚和东南亚地区青少年高度近视的患病率已达20%，这预示着随着这些青少年年龄的增长，视力恶化和失明的情况将大大增加。
2.There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression, but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may.
此句为并列复合句。but连接的两个复合句，but前面句子是there be 结构中的包含whether引导的宾语从句。but后面句子包含that引导的宾语从句。
句意：目前人们对户外活动是否会减缓进展存在争议，但强烈的季节性影响表明，户外活动可能会减缓进展。
翻译
Myopia, or short-sightedness, is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred, but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus. Its biological basis is an eye that, during childhood, has grown too long for its optical power. The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina, causing out-of-focus perception.
近视，或近视，是一种情况下，远处的物体似乎模糊，但更近的物体通常可以看到锐利的焦点。它的生物学基础是一只眼睛，在儿童时期，由于其光学能力而长得太长。远距离物体图像的焦平面最终位于视网膜的前面，导致了离焦感知。
Myopia was once regarded as almost totally genetically determined. But its prevalence has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan and South Korea, where 80-90% of those completing high school are now short-sighted. This is up from 20-30% only two generations ago. Since gene pools do not change that fast, these massive changes must be due to environmental change. In 2005, we comprehensively reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education. (This was not a particularly novel insight; such a link was postulated as far back as Kepler in 1604.) We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes.              
近视一度被认为是几乎完全由基因决定的。但其在中国大陆、香港、台湾、新加坡、日本和韩国等城市的普及率却惊人地增加，其中80%至90%的高中学生现在近视。这比两代人之前的20-30%有所上升。由于基因库的变化没有那么快，这些巨大的变化一定是由于环境的变化。2005年，我们对近视眼的研究进行了全面回顾，发现近视眼与教育的关系。（这并不是一个特别新颖的见解；这种联系早在1604年开普勒就有了假设。）我们发现近视高发地区都是国际教育成果调查中表现最好的地区。            
Fortunately, not all high-performing locations, Australia among them, showed a high prevalence of myopia. This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia. We also hypothesized that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions. Indeed, North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia, although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia.
幸运的是，并非所有的高表现地区，其中澳大利亚，显示出高度近视率。这说明高学历并不一定会导致近视。我们还假设，在特定的环境条件下，所有人类群体都有近视的倾向。事实上，北美和欧洲的近视率正在上升，尽管远不及东亚和东南亚。            
A common cutoff for high myopia is -5 diopters. This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes. Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can’t be corrected. The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia, which foreshadows major increases in visual worsening and blindness as these young adults age. So prevention of myopia has become crucial, particularly for East and Southeast Asia.
高度近视的一个常见界限是-5屈光度。这意味着视力模糊超过眼睛20厘米。这种严重或高度近视随着年龄的增长而增加，并可能导致无法矫正的视力损害。目前，东亚和东南亚地区青少年高度近视的患病率已达20%，这预示着随着这些青少年年龄的增长，视力恶化和失明的情况将大大增加。因此，预防近视已变得至关重要，尤其是对东亚和东南亚。            
Australia has naturally low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasizes outdoors activities. Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside, not counting time outdoors at school. However, there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a distraction from study. Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia, the phenomenon in which mild to modified myopia becomes more severe during childhood. There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression, but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may.
澳大利亚的近视率自然较低，生活方式强调户外活动。年幼的孩子们报告说，他们每天在外面呆两到三个小时，不包括在学校的户外时间。然而，在那些将户外活动视为分散学习注意力的地方，要达到这一标准存在着巨大的障碍。因此，政策回应也必须以减缓近视的发展为目标，即儿童时期轻度至改良近视变得更严重的现象。目前，人们对户外活动是否会减缓进展存在争议，但对进展的强烈季节性影响表明，这可能是有争议的。
4.配套巩固练习

以上内容节选自2020《上海高考英语真题解析》，如需购买，倾扫描下面二维码

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通过这种的真题来源的语篇原文、语篇的阅读指数分析、语篇的考点分析和语篇的配套的三层测评检验来刷真题，将会是另外一种学习效果。这也就是为什么人们常说：“你刷十套模拟不如刷一套真题”！！！
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